PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. Online money transfers serve as electronic alternatives to traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders.
A PayPal account can be funded with an electronic debit from a bank account or by a credit card. The recipient of a PayPal transfer can either request a check from PayPal, establish their own PayPal deposit account or request a transfer to their bank account.
PayPal performs payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial users, for which it charges a fee. It may also charge a fee for receiving money, proportional to the amount received. The fees depend on the currency used, the payment option used, the country of the sender, the country of the recipient, the amount sent and the recipient's account type. In addition, eBay purchases made by credit card through PayPal may incur extra fees if the buyer and seller use different currencies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paypal
Jumat, 01 Juli 2011
Adsense Policies
Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing on small venture capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole,Inc..[71] The start-up company developed a product called Earth Viewer that gave a 3-D view of the Earth. Google renamed the service to Google Earth in 2005. Two years later, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.[72] On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, giving Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.[73]
Later that same year, Google purchased GrandCentral for $50 million.[74] The site would later be changed over to Google Voice. On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million.[75] Google also acquired Aardvark, a social network search engine, for $50 million. Google commented in their internal blog, "we're looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take it".[76] And, in April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux.[77]
In addition to the numerous companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered with other organizations for everything from research to advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices.[78] The offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Later that year, Google entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October 2005 to help share and distribute each other's technologies.[79] The company also partnered with AOL of Time Warner,[80] to enhance each other's video search services. Google's 2005 partnerships also included financing the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, along with other companies including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.[81] Google would later launch "Adsense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[82] Increasing their advertising reach even further, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corp. entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on popular social networking site MySpace.[83]
In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[84] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[85] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[86] In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, a service that pretends to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve,[87] using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time,[88] and displacing former sponsor AOL. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel.[89]
In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008.[90] Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine's photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine.[91] The photos were watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardless of public domain status.[92]
In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable-energy project, putting up $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, or enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake in the project in order to get funding for project development.[93] Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition will enable Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products.[94] On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network, AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase.[95] Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount.[96] In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.[97]
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/
Later that same year, Google purchased GrandCentral for $50 million.[74] The site would later be changed over to Google Voice. On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million.[75] Google also acquired Aardvark, a social network search engine, for $50 million. Google commented in their internal blog, "we're looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take it".[76] And, in April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux.[77]
In addition to the numerous companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered with other organizations for everything from research to advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices.[78] The offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Later that year, Google entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October 2005 to help share and distribute each other's technologies.[79] The company also partnered with AOL of Time Warner,[80] to enhance each other's video search services. Google's 2005 partnerships also included financing the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, along with other companies including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.[81] Google would later launch "Adsense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.[82] Increasing their advertising reach even further, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corp. entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on popular social networking site MySpace.[83]
In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.[84] Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "not material" in a regulatory filing.[85] In June 2008, a Forbes magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.[86] In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, a service that pretends to follow Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve,[87] using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time,[88] and displacing former sponsor AOL. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel.[89]
In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008.[90] Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazine's photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine.[91] The photos were watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardless of public domain status.[92]
In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable-energy project, putting up $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, or enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake in the project in order to get funding for project development.[93] Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition will enable Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products.[94] On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network, AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the Federal Trade Commission closed its investigation into the purchase.[95] Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount.[96] In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.[97]
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/
Market Capitalization
Market capitalization/capitalisation (often market cap) is a measurement of size of a business enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding (shares that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors) of a publicly traded company. As owning stock represents ownership of the company, including all its equity, capitalization could represent the public opinion of a company's net worth and is a determining factor in stock valuation. Likewise, the capitalization of stock markets or economic regions may be compared to other economic indicators. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007 and rose as high as US$57.5 trillion in May 2008 before dropping below US$50 trillion in August 2008 and slightly above US$40 trillion in September 2008
.
Valuation
Market capitalization represents the public consensus on the value of a company's equity. An entirely public corporation, including all of its assets, may be freely bought and sold through purchases and sales of stock, which will determine the price of the company's shares. Its market capitalization is the share price multiplied by the number of shares in issue, providing a total value for the company's shares and thus for the company as a whole.
Many companies have a dominant shareholder, which may be a government entity, a family, or another corporation. Many stock market indices such as the S&P 500, Sensex, FTSE, DAX, Nikkei, Ibovespa, and MSCI adjust for these by calculating on a free float basis, i.e. the market capitalization they use is the value of the publicly tradable part of the company. Thus, market capitalization is one measure of "float" i.e., share value times an equity aggregate, with free and public being others.
Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value, based on perceived future prospects, economic and monetary conditions. Stock prices can also be moved by speculation about changes in expectations about profits or about mergers and acquisitions.
It is possible for stock markets to get caught up in an economic bubble, like the steep rise in valuation of technology stocks in the late 1990s followed by the dot-com crash in 2000. Speculation can affect any asset class, such as gold or real estate. In such events, valuations rise disproportionately to what many people would consider the fundamental value of the assets in question. In the case of stocks, this pushes up market capitalization in what might be called an "artificial" manner. Market capitalization is therefore only a rough measure of the true size of a market.
Categorization of companies by capitalization
Traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have also since come into common use, and nano-cap is sometimes heard.[3] Different numbers are used by different indexes; there is no official definition of, or full consensus agreement about, the exact cutoff values. The cutoffs may be defined as percentiles rather than in nominal dollars. The definitions expressed in nominal dollars need to be adjusted over the decades due to inflation, population change, and overall market valuation (for example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950, but it is not very large now), and they may be different for different countries. A rule of thumb may look like:
* Mega-cap: Over $100 billion
* Large-cap: $10 billion–$100 billion
* Mid-cap: $1 billion–$10 billion
* Small-cap: $100 million–$1 billion
* Micro-cap: $10 million-$100 million
* Nano-cap: Below $10 million
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization
.
Valuation
Market capitalization represents the public consensus on the value of a company's equity. An entirely public corporation, including all of its assets, may be freely bought and sold through purchases and sales of stock, which will determine the price of the company's shares. Its market capitalization is the share price multiplied by the number of shares in issue, providing a total value for the company's shares and thus for the company as a whole.
Many companies have a dominant shareholder, which may be a government entity, a family, or another corporation. Many stock market indices such as the S&P 500, Sensex, FTSE, DAX, Nikkei, Ibovespa, and MSCI adjust for these by calculating on a free float basis, i.e. the market capitalization they use is the value of the publicly tradable part of the company. Thus, market capitalization is one measure of "float" i.e., share value times an equity aggregate, with free and public being others.
Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value, based on perceived future prospects, economic and monetary conditions. Stock prices can also be moved by speculation about changes in expectations about profits or about mergers and acquisitions.
It is possible for stock markets to get caught up in an economic bubble, like the steep rise in valuation of technology stocks in the late 1990s followed by the dot-com crash in 2000. Speculation can affect any asset class, such as gold or real estate. In such events, valuations rise disproportionately to what many people would consider the fundamental value of the assets in question. In the case of stocks, this pushes up market capitalization in what might be called an "artificial" manner. Market capitalization is therefore only a rough measure of the true size of a market.
Categorization of companies by capitalization
Traditionally, companies were divided into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. The terms mega-cap and micro-cap have also since come into common use, and nano-cap is sometimes heard.[3] Different numbers are used by different indexes; there is no official definition of, or full consensus agreement about, the exact cutoff values. The cutoffs may be defined as percentiles rather than in nominal dollars. The definitions expressed in nominal dollars need to be adjusted over the decades due to inflation, population change, and overall market valuation (for example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950, but it is not very large now), and they may be different for different countries. A rule of thumb may look like:
* Mega-cap: Over $100 billion
* Large-cap: $10 billion–$100 billion
* Mid-cap: $1 billion–$10 billion
* Small-cap: $100 million–$1 billion
* Micro-cap: $10 million-$100 million
* Nano-cap: Below $10 million
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization
Register Paypal
Stages Register Paypal
1. Go to www.paypal.com site
2. Click SignUp Now! to register
3. Furthermore, there is a choice state, because you are in Indonesia choose Indonesia. Then select the type of account you want, for new applicants in Indonesia are advised to choose a personal account first, you can upgrade later to the type of account Premiere or Business account easily and for free as needed. After that press Continue.
4. Next input your information such as Name, Address, Phone, E-mail (Make sure the Name, Address, Phone that you entered for registration with your credit card data)
To allow permanent U.S. currency Rupiah Dollars because there is no
Examples of writing the correct phone number: 02158755555 or 021-58755555
Examples of writing correct Mobile phone number: 085711445794
The email you enter will be your Paypal username to log on or transact using Paypal then
Fill in your password with a combination of letters and numbers for your password more secure, at least 8 characters
In the Password Recovery select and fill 2 questions and personal answers to get your password again if one day you forget your password
Read more User Agreement and Privacy Policy, if necessary, then check the Yes, and typing the security code that was yellow in the fields without spaces.
Check again and make sure the Name, Address, Phone that you fill with your credit card data, if it is convinced press Sign Up.
5. The next section instructed to enter your credit card number that will be used to enter the funds into your Paypal account, if you already click Add Card.
If you do not want to enter your credit card data now click Cancel, you can enter your credit card data and then after logging in the My Account page.
6. You will receive a confirmation email that you register and to activate your Paypal account, open an email from Paypal and click the confirmation link contained therein to confirm that you are the owner of this email.
7. After that you will be brought back to the PayPal site and input your password again (you must enter your password each to the PayPal site) and then click Confirm, then click Continue again, after that you will go to the My Account page.
8. If you have to enter credit card data in the My Account page there will be readings Expanded options (choices), please read carefully the instructions, you are instructed to press the Get Number to be Verified member Paypal (Truth your address already in check by Paypal).
Option 1: To register a Paypal Verified member now press the Get Number to get the 4 digit security code from Paypal, which will be mailed monthly statement into your next credit card, your credit card will be charged $ 1.95 USD for this purpose. The purpose of sending this Paypal security code is to ensure that the address you provided is correct (not a fictional address)
If you have a 4 digit security code from your credit card monthly statement, login with your Paypal account, then the My Account page click on the Activate Account - Complete Expanded Use Enrollment, after you enter 4-digit security code your paypal account will be Verified members and will add $ 1.95 USD into your Paypal account as a Verified member automatically, so the calculated free. After you click Get Number button you will be taken to the My Account page.
Option 2: If you do not want to become a Verified member now miss the Expanded Version, click the Activate Account page later on My Account after logging in to register a Verified member to limit your funds are not limited to, after you pass the Expanded Version you will be taken into My Account page.
Done, congratulations you have a Paypal account!
You already can use your Paypal account right now, like to join this free business or this one
Note:
Now you already have an account Unverified Paypal members with a limit of $ 100 USD to make payments or send money to another Paypal account, to eliminate the limit of your Paypal account must be Verified members (Truth your address already in check by Paypal) by following the Step No.6 above.
If you do not enter or would like to add a credit card, login with your Paypal account and click the Add card in the My Account page.
To be able to withdraw withdraw money from paypal balance, you must be a verified member.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org
1. Go to www.paypal.com site
2. Click SignUp Now! to register
3. Furthermore, there is a choice state, because you are in Indonesia choose Indonesia. Then select the type of account you want, for new applicants in Indonesia are advised to choose a personal account first, you can upgrade later to the type of account Premiere or Business account easily and for free as needed. After that press Continue.
4. Next input your information such as Name, Address, Phone, E-mail (Make sure the Name, Address, Phone that you entered for registration with your credit card data)
To allow permanent U.S. currency Rupiah Dollars because there is no
Examples of writing the correct phone number: 02158755555 or 021-58755555
Examples of writing correct Mobile phone number: 085711445794
The email you enter will be your Paypal username to log on or transact using Paypal then
Fill in your password with a combination of letters and numbers for your password more secure, at least 8 characters
In the Password Recovery select and fill 2 questions and personal answers to get your password again if one day you forget your password
Read more User Agreement and Privacy Policy, if necessary, then check the Yes, and typing the security code that was yellow in the fields without spaces.
Check again and make sure the Name, Address, Phone that you fill with your credit card data, if it is convinced press Sign Up.
5. The next section instructed to enter your credit card number that will be used to enter the funds into your Paypal account, if you already click Add Card.
If you do not want to enter your credit card data now click Cancel, you can enter your credit card data and then after logging in the My Account page.
6. You will receive a confirmation email that you register and to activate your Paypal account, open an email from Paypal and click the confirmation link contained therein to confirm that you are the owner of this email.
7. After that you will be brought back to the PayPal site and input your password again (you must enter your password each to the PayPal site) and then click Confirm, then click Continue again, after that you will go to the My Account page.
8. If you have to enter credit card data in the My Account page there will be readings Expanded options (choices), please read carefully the instructions, you are instructed to press the Get Number to be Verified member Paypal (Truth your address already in check by Paypal).
Option 1: To register a Paypal Verified member now press the Get Number to get the 4 digit security code from Paypal, which will be mailed monthly statement into your next credit card, your credit card will be charged $ 1.95 USD for this purpose. The purpose of sending this Paypal security code is to ensure that the address you provided is correct (not a fictional address)
If you have a 4 digit security code from your credit card monthly statement, login with your Paypal account, then the My Account page click on the Activate Account - Complete Expanded Use Enrollment, after you enter 4-digit security code your paypal account will be Verified members and will add $ 1.95 USD into your Paypal account as a Verified member automatically, so the calculated free. After you click Get Number button you will be taken to the My Account page.
Option 2: If you do not want to become a Verified member now miss the Expanded Version, click the Activate Account page later on My Account after logging in to register a Verified member to limit your funds are not limited to, after you pass the Expanded Version you will be taken into My Account page.
Done, congratulations you have a Paypal account!
You already can use your Paypal account right now, like to join this free business or this one
Note:
Now you already have an account Unverified Paypal members with a limit of $ 100 USD to make payments or send money to another Paypal account, to eliminate the limit of your Paypal account must be Verified members (Truth your address already in check by Paypal) by following the Step No.6 above.
If you do not enter or would like to add a credit card, login with your Paypal account and click the Add card in the My Account page.
To be able to withdraw withdraw money from paypal balance, you must be a verified member.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org
Market Economy
A market economy is an economy based on the power of division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand.[1]
This is often contrasted with a planned economy, in which a central government can distribute services using a fixed price system. Market economies are also contrasted with mixed economy where the price system is not entirely free but under some government control or heavily regulated, which is sometimes combined with state-led economic planning that is not extensive enough to constitute a planned economy
.
In the real world, market economies do not exist in pure form, as societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees rather than allow self-regulation by market forces.[2][3] The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy,[4] but, as Ludwig Erhard once pointed out, this does not preclude an economy from having socialist attributes opposed to a laissez-faire system.[5] Economist Ludwig von Mises also pointed out that a market economy is still a market economy even if the government intervenes in pricing.[6]
Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces. For example, there is no universal agreement on issues such as central banking, and welfare. However, most economists oppose protectionist tariffs.[7]
The term market economy is not identical to capitalism where a corporation hires workers as a labour commodity to produce material wealth and boost shareholder profits.[8] Market mechanisms have been utilized in a handful of socialist states, such as China, Yugoslavia and even Cuba to a very limited extent.
It is also possible to envision an economic system based on independent producers, cooperative, democratic worker ownership and market allocation of final goods and services; the labour-managed market economy is one of several proposed forms of market socialism.
Systems
Although no country has ever had within its border an economy in which all markets were absolutely free, the term typically is not used in an absolute sense. Many states which are said to have a market economy have a high level of market freedom, even if it is less than some parts of the population would prefer. Thus, almost all economies in the world today are mixed economies with varying degrees of free market and planned economy traits. For example, in the United States there are more market economy traits than in the Western European countries (an exception being the UK, which is considered, even by Greenspan, to be a freer market than the US).
Capitalism (Liberal Market)
Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are all or mostly privately owned and operated for profit, and in which investments, distribution, income,and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a market economy. It is usually considered to involve the right of individuals and groups of individuals acting as "legal persons" or corporations to trade capital goods, labor, land and money.
Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel that the term "mixed economies" more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises, combining elements of capitalism and socialism, or mixing the characteristics of market economies and planned economies. In capitalism, there is no central planning authority but the prices are decided by the demand-supply scale. For example, higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.
Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was referred to as strict capitalist free market economy during the early and mid-19th century as an ideal to achieve. It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no taxes or tariffs other than what is necessary for the government to provide protection from coercion and theft and maintaining peace, and property rights.
Market anarchism
Market anarchism advocates a true free market like laissez-faire and in addition the complete elimination of the state apparatus; the provision of law enforcement, courts, national defense, and all other security services by voluntarily-funded competitors in a free market rather than through compulsory taxation; the complete deregulation of nonintrusive personal and economic activities; and a self-regulated market. Market anarchism argue for a society based in voluntary trade of private property (including money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) and services in order to maximize individual liberty and prosperity. Some forms of market anarchism, such as mutualism, are also forms of libertarian market socialism, advocating an 'anti-capitalist free market' of free worker's cooperatives and self-employed individuals. Mutualism substitutes the idea of property for possession and use of the means of production.
Market socialism
Market socialism refers to various economic systems in which the government owns the economic institutions or major industries but operates them according to the rules of supply and demand. In a traditional market socialist economy, prices would be determined by a government planning ministry, and enterprises would either be state-owned or cooperatively-owned and managed by their employees. Libertarian socialists and left-anarchists often promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed collectively by the workers, but compete with each other in the same way private companies compete in a capitalist market.
The People's Republic of China currently has a form of market socialism referred to as the socialist market economy, in which most of the industry is state-owned, but prices are not set by the government. Within this model, the state-owned enterprises are free from excessive regulation and function more autonomously in a more decentralized fashion than in other socialist economic systems.
Social market
he social market economic model is based upon the free market economy, combined with regulative measures from the state to prevent market failure.[11] The theoretical fundament is build on the neoliberalism (in Germany also called ordoliberalism).[12] This model was implemented by Ludwig Erhard after World War II in West Germany. Characteristics of social market economies are a strong competition policy and a contractionary monetary policy.
Theory
Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek stated that economic freedom is a necessary condition for the creation and sustainability of civil and political freedoms. They believed that this economic freedom can only be achieved in a market-oriented economy, specifically a free market economy. They do believe, however, that sufficient economic freedom can be achieved in economies with functioning markets through price mechanisms and private property rights. They believe that the more economic freedom that is available the more civil and political freedoms a society will enjoy.
Friedman states:
* "Economic freedom is simply a requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to cooperate with one another without coercion or central direction it reduces the area over which political power is exercised" Friedman, Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980, p. 2-3
* "Capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom" Capitalism and freedom
Studies by the Canadian libertarian think tank Fraser Institute, the American conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, and the Wall Street Journal state that there is a relationship between economic freedom and political and civil freedoms to the extent claimed by Friedrich von Hayek. They agree with Hayek that those countries which restrict economic freedom ultimately restrict civil and political freedoms.[13][14]
Generally market economies are bottom-up in decision-making as consumers convey information to producers through prices paid in market transactions. All states today have some form of control over the market that removes the free and unrestricted direction of resources from consumers and prices such as tariffs and corporate subsidies. Milton Friedman and many other microeconomists believe that these forms of intervention provide incentives for resources to be misused and wasted, producing products society may not value as much as a product that is valued as a result of these restrictions.
Criticism
Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that markets inherently produce class division; divisions between conceptual and manual laborers, and ultimately managers and workers, and a de facto labor market for conceptual workers. Albert says that in a market economy, even if everyone started out with a balanced job complex (doing a mix of roles of varying creativity, responsibility and empowerment), class divisions would arise, as some will be more able than others to capture the benefits of economic gain: if one worker designs cars and another builds them, the designer will use his cognitive skills more frequently than the builder. In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the designer greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more, thus class divisions arise
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
This is often contrasted with a planned economy, in which a central government can distribute services using a fixed price system. Market economies are also contrasted with mixed economy where the price system is not entirely free but under some government control or heavily regulated, which is sometimes combined with state-led economic planning that is not extensive enough to constitute a planned economy
.
In the real world, market economies do not exist in pure form, as societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees rather than allow self-regulation by market forces.[2][3] The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy,[4] but, as Ludwig Erhard once pointed out, this does not preclude an economy from having socialist attributes opposed to a laissez-faire system.[5] Economist Ludwig von Mises also pointed out that a market economy is still a market economy even if the government intervenes in pricing.[6]
Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding the market economy and addressing the inequalities the market produces. For example, there is no universal agreement on issues such as central banking, and welfare. However, most economists oppose protectionist tariffs.[7]
The term market economy is not identical to capitalism where a corporation hires workers as a labour commodity to produce material wealth and boost shareholder profits.[8] Market mechanisms have been utilized in a handful of socialist states, such as China, Yugoslavia and even Cuba to a very limited extent.
It is also possible to envision an economic system based on independent producers, cooperative, democratic worker ownership and market allocation of final goods and services; the labour-managed market economy is one of several proposed forms of market socialism.
Systems
Although no country has ever had within its border an economy in which all markets were absolutely free, the term typically is not used in an absolute sense. Many states which are said to have a market economy have a high level of market freedom, even if it is less than some parts of the population would prefer. Thus, almost all economies in the world today are mixed economies with varying degrees of free market and planned economy traits. For example, in the United States there are more market economy traits than in the Western European countries (an exception being the UK, which is considered, even by Greenspan, to be a freer market than the US).
Capitalism (Liberal Market)
Capitalism generally refers to an economic system in which the means of production are all or mostly privately owned and operated for profit, and in which investments, distribution, income,and pricing of goods and services are determined through the operation of a market economy. It is usually considered to involve the right of individuals and groups of individuals acting as "legal persons" or corporations to trade capital goods, labor, land and money.
Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel that the term "mixed economies" more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises, combining elements of capitalism and socialism, or mixing the characteristics of market economies and planned economies. In capitalism, there is no central planning authority but the prices are decided by the demand-supply scale. For example, higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.
Laissez-faire
Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was referred to as strict capitalist free market economy during the early and mid-19th century as an ideal to achieve. It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no taxes or tariffs other than what is necessary for the government to provide protection from coercion and theft and maintaining peace, and property rights.
Market anarchism
Market anarchism advocates a true free market like laissez-faire and in addition the complete elimination of the state apparatus; the provision of law enforcement, courts, national defense, and all other security services by voluntarily-funded competitors in a free market rather than through compulsory taxation; the complete deregulation of nonintrusive personal and economic activities; and a self-regulated market. Market anarchism argue for a society based in voluntary trade of private property (including money, consumer goods, land, and capital goods) and services in order to maximize individual liberty and prosperity. Some forms of market anarchism, such as mutualism, are also forms of libertarian market socialism, advocating an 'anti-capitalist free market' of free worker's cooperatives and self-employed individuals. Mutualism substitutes the idea of property for possession and use of the means of production.
Market socialism
Market socialism refers to various economic systems in which the government owns the economic institutions or major industries but operates them according to the rules of supply and demand. In a traditional market socialist economy, prices would be determined by a government planning ministry, and enterprises would either be state-owned or cooperatively-owned and managed by their employees. Libertarian socialists and left-anarchists often promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed collectively by the workers, but compete with each other in the same way private companies compete in a capitalist market.
The People's Republic of China currently has a form of market socialism referred to as the socialist market economy, in which most of the industry is state-owned, but prices are not set by the government. Within this model, the state-owned enterprises are free from excessive regulation and function more autonomously in a more decentralized fashion than in other socialist economic systems.
Social market
he social market economic model is based upon the free market economy, combined with regulative measures from the state to prevent market failure.[11] The theoretical fundament is build on the neoliberalism (in Germany also called ordoliberalism).[12] This model was implemented by Ludwig Erhard after World War II in West Germany. Characteristics of social market economies are a strong competition policy and a contractionary monetary policy.
Theory
Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek stated that economic freedom is a necessary condition for the creation and sustainability of civil and political freedoms. They believed that this economic freedom can only be achieved in a market-oriented economy, specifically a free market economy. They do believe, however, that sufficient economic freedom can be achieved in economies with functioning markets through price mechanisms and private property rights. They believe that the more economic freedom that is available the more civil and political freedoms a society will enjoy.
Friedman states:
* "Economic freedom is simply a requisite for political freedom. By enabling people to cooperate with one another without coercion or central direction it reduces the area over which political power is exercised" Friedman, Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980, p. 2-3
* "Capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom" Capitalism and freedom
Studies by the Canadian libertarian think tank Fraser Institute, the American conservative think tank Heritage Foundation, and the Wall Street Journal state that there is a relationship between economic freedom and political and civil freedoms to the extent claimed by Friedrich von Hayek. They agree with Hayek that those countries which restrict economic freedom ultimately restrict civil and political freedoms.[13][14]
Generally market economies are bottom-up in decision-making as consumers convey information to producers through prices paid in market transactions. All states today have some form of control over the market that removes the free and unrestricted direction of resources from consumers and prices such as tariffs and corporate subsidies. Milton Friedman and many other microeconomists believe that these forms of intervention provide incentives for resources to be misused and wasted, producing products society may not value as much as a product that is valued as a result of these restrictions.
Criticism
Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that markets inherently produce class division; divisions between conceptual and manual laborers, and ultimately managers and workers, and a de facto labor market for conceptual workers. Albert says that in a market economy, even if everyone started out with a balanced job complex (doing a mix of roles of varying creativity, responsibility and empowerment), class divisions would arise, as some will be more able than others to capture the benefits of economic gain: if one worker designs cars and another builds them, the designer will use his cognitive skills more frequently than the builder. In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the designer greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more, thus class divisions arise
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy
The Difference Marketing anda Advertising
Word of mouth marketing is a billion dollar industry. It’s also the fastest growing factor in both advertising and marketing.
Many business owners do not know the difference between advertising and marketing often mixing up and confusing the two. Advertising and marketing are individually very important and very different.
If you want your business to have any chance of succeeding it is imperative you thoroughly understand and know how to distinguish them.
The dictionary terms for advertising and marketing will not be described. Even looking up the technical definitions may still leave you confused. Advertising and marketing will be described according to your business and product or service you provide.
Advertising is the means of publicizing yourself through different media. The main purpose of advertising is for branding - namely product or name recognition. There is little psychology or concept behind it.
The demand for Advertising is high and so too is the price. We are now bombarded with so much of it we basically ignore it. Because of its high exposure level, advertising is becoming increasing inefficient.
Once upon a time you could build a business on advertising alone. Today this is virtually impossible. Most small businesses do not have the big money needed to advertise long enough to start getting results.
Marketing on the other hand goes much deeper. It’s the psychology of the entire sales process. Advertising is simply one of the steps or stages in the marketing process.
Marketing is the concept and strategy behind creating your campaign. It involves how you position your business to encourage your consumers to come to you – without having to “sell” to them.
One of the most effective ways to do this is through education. I advise you to use your marketing materials to provide them lots of content to educate your consumers about your service and what it can do to improve their life.
Nobody wants to be sold. Yet people are happy to buy if you give them a list of reasons why. Let your consumers come to their own conclusions instead of commanding or bullying them into coming to you.
Education is a powerful driver in ensuring clients come to you and letting others know about you too. Education is an important factor in word of mouth marketing. And it takes little effort on your part if you take the time to put some thought into your marketing campaign
Many business owners do not know the difference between advertising and marketing often mixing up and confusing the two. Advertising and marketing are individually very important and very different.
If you want your business to have any chance of succeeding it is imperative you thoroughly understand and know how to distinguish them.
The dictionary terms for advertising and marketing will not be described. Even looking up the technical definitions may still leave you confused. Advertising and marketing will be described according to your business and product or service you provide.
Advertising is the means of publicizing yourself through different media. The main purpose of advertising is for branding - namely product or name recognition. There is little psychology or concept behind it.
The demand for Advertising is high and so too is the price. We are now bombarded with so much of it we basically ignore it. Because of its high exposure level, advertising is becoming increasing inefficient.
Once upon a time you could build a business on advertising alone. Today this is virtually impossible. Most small businesses do not have the big money needed to advertise long enough to start getting results.
Marketing on the other hand goes much deeper. It’s the psychology of the entire sales process. Advertising is simply one of the steps or stages in the marketing process.
Marketing is the concept and strategy behind creating your campaign. It involves how you position your business to encourage your consumers to come to you – without having to “sell” to them.
One of the most effective ways to do this is through education. I advise you to use your marketing materials to provide them lots of content to educate your consumers about your service and what it can do to improve their life.
Nobody wants to be sold. Yet people are happy to buy if you give them a list of reasons why. Let your consumers come to their own conclusions instead of commanding or bullying them into coming to you.
Education is a powerful driver in ensuring clients come to you and letting others know about you too. Education is an important factor in word of mouth marketing. And it takes little effort on your part if you take the time to put some thought into your marketing campaign
Forex Bank
Forex AB is a Swedish financial services company. The company was started in 1927 as a currency exchange service for travellers, at the Central Station in Stockholm. The owner of Gyllenspet's Barber Shop, according to the legend, discovered that most of his customers were tourists in need of currency for their trips. The owner began keeping the major currencies on hand.
The company was subsequently acquired by Statens Järnvägar (now SJ AB), the Swedish State Railways, which expanded the operations until it was sold off to one of the managers, Rolf Friberg, in 1965. The company was the only one apart from the banks that was licensed to conduct currency exchange in Sweden.
The company, which is still wholly owned by the Friberg family, has expanded into Denmark, Finland and Norway and has over 80 shops, often located at train stations or airports. The decrease in the business brought on by introduction of the euro has made the company look for alternative sources of revenue, like applying for a banking licence and attempting to move into more regular transaction services, earlier handled by Svensk Kassaservice, a subsidiary of the state owned Swedish postal company, Posten.
Since 2003 Forex is a licensed bank.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forex_Bank
The company was subsequently acquired by Statens Järnvägar (now SJ AB), the Swedish State Railways, which expanded the operations until it was sold off to one of the managers, Rolf Friberg, in 1965. The company was the only one apart from the banks that was licensed to conduct currency exchange in Sweden.
The company, which is still wholly owned by the Friberg family, has expanded into Denmark, Finland and Norway and has over 80 shops, often located at train stations or airports. The decrease in the business brought on by introduction of the euro has made the company look for alternative sources of revenue, like applying for a banking licence and attempting to move into more regular transaction services, earlier handled by Svensk Kassaservice, a subsidiary of the state owned Swedish postal company, Posten.
Since 2003 Forex is a licensed bank.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forex_Bank
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